1
00:00:07,840 --> 00:00:09,480
[Morgan] The night has just begun.
2
00:00:10,680 --> 00:00:13,360
You are exactly where you want to be.
3
00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:18,120
You feel confident, excited and seen.
4
00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:22,680
Finally,
you are with people who feel like you.
5
00:00:23,920 --> 00:00:26,960
And for a moment,
you forget that you are different.
6
00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:30,680
Tonight, everything is possible.
7
00:00:33,640 --> 00:00:36,520
[Zavier] Berlin is the place
where everything is happening.
8
00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:38,560
[Morgan] It's the capital of sin.
9
00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:43,120
[Robert] There were 80 to 120 cafes,
bars, clubs
10
00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:46,920
that were almost exclusively
targeting LGBTQ people.
11
00:00:47,520 --> 00:00:49,920
[Morgan] There are queer and trans people
all around.
12
00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:54,640
[Robert] After the Nazis come to power,
13
00:00:54,720 --> 00:00:59,600
we see the worst homophobic persecution
in world history.
14
00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:03,400
[in German] There is scarcely
another period in history
15
00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:05,800
where freedom and oppression
16
00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:10,800
are as close to each other
as in the 1920s and 1930s.
17
00:01:12,040 --> 00:01:16,080
Even today, you can have these liberties
and they can be taken away from you.
18
00:01:17,280 --> 00:01:21,320
These people were living the type of
life that I live now.
19
00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:23,560
But it's only for a moment.
20
00:01:24,080 --> 00:01:27,880
[Walter in German]
It was a calamity for humankind.
21
00:01:27,960 --> 00:01:30,520
And I was part of that humankind.
22
00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:45,560
[Morgan] You are coming
up the street in Berlin
23
00:01:45,640 --> 00:01:48,880
and you see a building on the corner
24
00:01:48,960 --> 00:01:52,440
that has a fantastic sign out front.
25
00:01:52,520 --> 00:01:56,120
And it says, "Here It Is Right!"
26
00:01:56,200 --> 00:02:03,200
[cabaret music plays]
27
00:02:04,120 --> 00:02:07,160
[she whoops]
28
00:02:07,240 --> 00:02:12,520
[crowd cheer]
29
00:02:22,120 --> 00:02:26,760
[Zavier] Of all the nightclubs
that we have in the Golden Twenties,
30
00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:29,600
the Eldorado
is the most spectacular queer venue.
31
00:02:30,760 --> 00:02:33,720
[Klaus in German] The Eldorado heralds
a new freedom
32
00:02:33,800 --> 00:02:36,840
where gay men, lesbian women,
33
00:02:36,920 --> 00:02:41,600
trans men and trans women can be free
and self-determined for the first time.
34
00:02:44,920 --> 00:02:48,480
[Morgan] One of the people you will
meet here is Charlotte Charlaque,
35
00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:52,400
a Jewish American-German intellectual.
36
00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:56,960
She's traveled the world, she's lived
in America, in Germany, in France
37
00:02:57,040 --> 00:02:58,600
and is about to become
38
00:02:58,680 --> 00:03:01,040
one of the first people
39
00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:06,160
to undergo sex reassignment surgery
in the world.
40
00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:12,160
[crowd cheer and applaud]
41
00:03:15,760 --> 00:03:18,480
[Klaus in German] In Berlin's nightlife,
we see two new faces:
42
00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:23,360
Lisa and Gottfried,
newly married, in their early twenties,
43
00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:27,880
like so many who visit the Eldorado
they are ready to just drift along,
44
00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:30,960
to discover new things,
to discover new loves.
45
00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:32,720
[she laughs]
46
00:03:37,120 --> 00:03:40,280
[Berno in German] Lisa,
full name Lisa von Dobeneck,
47
00:03:40,360 --> 00:03:44,080
and Gottfried von Cramm
have known each other since childhood.
48
00:03:44,160 --> 00:03:47,240
They grew up in neighboring castles.
49
00:03:47,320 --> 00:03:50,680
Lisa was a born Dobeneck.
50
00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:54,880
And they lived 15 kilometers
from one of our estates.
51
00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:57,560
[in German]
It was called the "Babylon of Sin"
52
00:03:57,640 --> 00:04:00,920
because it's where the Cramms
were free to do anything.
53
00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:08,080
[Klaus in German] Lisa and Gottfried
want the big life.
54
00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:13,320
And of course that eventually stops
happening in this rural environment
55
00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:15,960
but instead in the magnet of wild Berlin.
56
00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:24,279
[Zavier] There's also quite
a lot of freedom that comes in.
57
00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:26,800
Rights for women are coming through.
58
00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:28,720
There's a lifting of censorship
59
00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:31,880
and press has much more freedom
to print what it likes.
60
00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:36,080
And that creates a whole flourishing
of queer print media.
61
00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:38,480
THE GIRLFRIEND
WOMEN LOVE
62
00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:42,520
[Zavier] You had specific ones
for gay men and for gay women.
63
00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:45,840
And you even had ones
that were specific to transvestites.
64
00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:51,320
It's possible to talk now about sex
more openly than it had been before.
65
00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:52,760
It feels to people
66
00:04:52,840 --> 00:04:56,200
like there's this complete revolution
of the sexual order happening.
67
00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:03,000
[Klaus in German]
This is the first time Lisa and Gottfried
68
00:05:03,080 --> 00:05:05,000
discover a world unknown to them.
69
00:05:05,080 --> 00:05:09,800
The Eldorado was synonymous with the fact
that something new was beginning here.
70
00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:10,880
[crowd cheer]
71
00:05:12,680 --> 00:05:19,680
[indistinct chatter]
72
00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:26,760
[tense music]
73
00:05:26,840 --> 00:05:33,240
[Ben] So in the middle of this
kind of fabulous glittering nightclub,
74
00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:34,840
you'd probably be surprised
75
00:05:34,920 --> 00:05:38,160
to meet someone who's
on a first-name basis with Adolf Hitler.
76
00:05:39,560 --> 00:05:42,080
This person is named Ernst Röhm,
77
00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:46,320
has horrifying violent,
anti-Semitic politics
78
00:05:46,400 --> 00:05:52,640
and is one of the real key strategists
and architects of the Nazi rise to power.
79
00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:57,480
[Röhm in German] with swastika flags
blowing all across the Reich today
80
00:05:57,560 --> 00:06:01,920
[Ben] Röhm is a fanatical soldier devoted
to and in love with war and killing.
81
00:06:02,560 --> 00:06:04,000
And as a pure nationalist,
82
00:06:04,080 --> 00:06:07,120
he never got over
Germany's loss of the First World War.
83
00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:08,960
[Röhm continues speech in German]
84
00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:13,480
[in German] Adolf Hitler and Ernst Röhm
85
00:06:13,560 --> 00:06:16,960
meet as early as 1919
in the right-wing movement.
86
00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:21,360
They very quickly become friends
on a first-name basis
87
00:06:21,440 --> 00:06:23,960
and have a close friendship for years.
88
00:06:24,040 --> 00:06:27,360
[Röhm in German] to stand strong
for all eternity.
89
00:06:27,440 --> 00:06:28,720
[Ben] They bond over the dream
90
00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:32,480
of making the Nazis
into a movement capable of taking power.
91
00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:34,320
Which is far away, for now.
92
00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:39,520
So Ernst Röhm is gay,
93
00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:42,800
is rather careless about being gay,
94
00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:45,560
has many gay lovers and contacts.
95
00:06:46,200 --> 00:06:50,320
His homosexuality is one open secret
and something that's gossiped about.
96
00:06:52,920 --> 00:06:56,520
Hitler is likely aware
of the rumors about Röhm.
97
00:06:56,600 --> 00:07:00,160
But he seems to prioritize
Röhm's potential usefulness to him.
98
00:07:01,040 --> 00:07:03,600
At one point Hitler
seems to have been quoted as saying,
99
00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:05,520
"His private life does not interest me
100
00:07:05,600 --> 00:07:08,280
as long as he maintains
the necessary discretion."
101
00:07:08,840 --> 00:07:12,120
But as we'll see, the necessary
discretion was not always maintained.
102
00:07:12,760 --> 00:07:19,760
[cabaret music plays]
103
00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:22,720
[Robert] This club attracted
104
00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:25,760
an incredible spectrum of people
105
00:07:25,840 --> 00:07:28,560
in terms of their politics
or their world views.
106
00:07:28,640 --> 00:07:31,440
ELDORADO
HERE IT IS RIGHT!
107
00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:33,960
What the Eldorado really represents
108
00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:37,920
is Berlin's window of queer life
to the world.
109
00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:44,400
[crowd cheer]
110
00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:47,960
[Zavier] Some of the queer performers
at the Eldorado
111
00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:51,960
become really mainstream stars
in this period.
112
00:07:52,040 --> 00:07:55,000
And one of them is Claire Waldoff.
113
00:07:55,560 --> 00:07:58,880
[sings] Men out of the Reichstag!
114
00:07:58,960 --> 00:08:01,960
And men out of the Landtag
115
00:08:02,040 --> 00:08:05,240
And men out of the manor
116
00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:08,320
We'll make it into a women's house
117
00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:11,720
[Morgan] If you showed up
to the Eldorado alone,
118
00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:17,080
you needed to pay for a taxi dancer
to escort you around the floor.
119
00:08:18,160 --> 00:08:21,880
You can really check out
this gender illusion
120
00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:25,240
that's so famous about the Eldorado.
121
00:08:30,840 --> 00:08:34,760
One night,
Charlotte meets someone like her.
122
00:08:35,920 --> 00:08:40,000
Not only is this person
an intellectual like Charlotte,
123
00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:42,840
she's also trans.
124
00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:46,640
And her name is Toni Ebel.
125
00:08:49,680 --> 00:08:52,920
Unlike Charlotte,
she does not know what to do about this.
126
00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:55,320
She's just escaped a terrible marriage.
127
00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:57,320
She's about ten years older.
128
00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:00,400
But the two become inseparable.
129
00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:03,280
These kinds of relationships
between trans women
130
00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:05,240
are actually really common,
131
00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:09,000
where regardless of
what our sexual orientation may be,
132
00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:12,240
we develop these deep sisterhoods
133
00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:16,640
that sometimes cross the line over
into being lovers
134
00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:19,240
or life partners.
135
00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:21,200
In part this is because
136
00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:24,880
we live in a world where there aren't
a lot of people like us.
137
00:09:24,960 --> 00:09:26,840
And so when we meet someone like us,
138
00:09:26,920 --> 00:09:30,200
we form deep family commitments
to each other,
139
00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:32,200
regardless of what shape that takes.
140
00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:39,560
Toni has been trying for many years
to live her life as a woman,
141
00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:41,520
but she doesn't know where to go.
142
00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:43,640
Charlotte Charlaque has the answer.
143
00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:48,720
She introduces Toni to Magnus Hirschfeld.
144
00:09:49,760 --> 00:09:52,440
[Klaus in German] Magnus Hirschfeld
also frequents the Eldorado.
145
00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:56,080
He loves observing queer life.
146
00:09:57,120 --> 00:10:00,240
[Ben] He is, in his own right,
a celebrity.
147
00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:02,080
Everyone knows who he is.
148
00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:04,520
[Morgan] He's a sexologist.
149
00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:09,640
He's fascinated
by studying human sexuality
150
00:10:09,720 --> 00:10:11,280
and gender roles.
151
00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:14,880
He fundamentally believes
152
00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:17,640
that gay people and trans people
153
00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:21,960
can achieve liberation and their rights
154
00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:25,040
through the tools of science.
155
00:10:27,760 --> 00:10:30,720
[Ben] He publishes, at a maddening rate,
156
00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:34,000
books, pamphlets, his lectures.
157
00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:42,040
He founded the world's first
gay rights organization in 1897.
158
00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:46,520
[Klaus in German]
On the queer city map of Berlin,
159
00:10:46,600 --> 00:10:51,160
there is one focal point
for progressive thinking:
160
00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:55,040
Magnus Hirschfeld's
Institute for Sexual Science.
161
00:10:56,440 --> 00:11:00,880
[Morgan] There's a museum where you can
see things like some frilly panties
162
00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:03,920
that a German soldier wore in World War I.
163
00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:06,440
You can find dildos, all kinds of things.
164
00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:10,120
[Robert] It included space for a range
of services for all people
165
00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:13,120
who need counseling
about their relationships,
166
00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:18,040
any kind of STD,
information on abortion and pregnancy,
167
00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:19,560
the list goes on and on.
168
00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:23,240
The Institute is also
a social place for people.
169
00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:27,280
It was a hub for queer people to go,
a kind of a community setting.
170
00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:29,440
[Robert] Just knowing that
the Institute is there
171
00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:34,160
is an important piece of information
for many in the Berlin community.
172
00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:39,280
One of the things that it specializes in
173
00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:43,840
is trans identity
and trans treatments available for those
174
00:11:43,920 --> 00:11:47,240
who are struggling with their gender
that was assigned at birth.
175
00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:52,200
[indistinct conversation]
176
00:11:52,280 --> 00:11:55,320
[Klaus in German] For Ernst Röhm,
Magnus Hirschfeld embodies the enemy.
177
00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:57,680
He is Jewish, a social democrat,
178
00:11:57,760 --> 00:12:02,240
and he championed the rights
of trans men and trans women.
179
00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:07,200
As such, he is the opposite
of the masculine ideology
180
00:12:07,280 --> 00:12:09,560
that Ernst Röhm adheres to.
181
00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:14,200
But both have something in common,
they are not openly homosexual.
182
00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:19,320
Magnus Hirschfeld knows that he would lose
his reputation as a scientist.
183
00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:23,760
And Ernst Röhm knows that he
would be expelled from the Nazi Party.
184
00:12:24,920 --> 00:12:28,640
[Ben] Ernst Röhm seems to have had
an enormous degree of confidence
185
00:12:28,720 --> 00:12:31,040
that his personal friendship with Hitler
186
00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:34,880
and his long personal history with Hitler
would protect him.
187
00:12:34,960 --> 00:12:39,040
Both in terms of the public at large
and in terms of the Nazi movement.
188
00:12:39,680 --> 00:12:44,080
And this allows him to be quite careless
about his private life.
189
00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:49,760
[Röhm in German] "Dear Dr. Heimsoth."
190
00:12:50,360 --> 00:12:51,880
"A handshake first of all."
191
00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:56,400
"I can remember a number
of same-sex feelings and acts
192
00:12:56,480 --> 00:12:58,280
reaching back to my childhood,
193
00:12:58,360 --> 00:13:00,800
but I have also associated
with many women."
194
00:13:01,360 --> 00:13:03,560
"Never, however,
to my particular enjoyment."
195
00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:10,320
[Ben] There's not much evidence
of Röhm's interior life.
196
00:13:10,400 --> 00:13:13,640
But we do have one real
sort of treasure trove of that.
197
00:13:13,720 --> 00:13:16,680
And it's a series of letters
that he wrote to a friend
198
00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:19,160
named Dr. Karl-Günther Heimsoth.
199
00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:22,920
[Röhm in German]
"All women are loathsome to me."
200
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,840
"I am not at all unhappy
about my disposition,
201
00:13:25,920 --> 00:13:30,840
even if it has caused me
considerable difficulties at times."
202
00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:33,480
"Internally, I may even be proud of it."
203
00:13:34,120 --> 00:13:35,720
"At least I believe so."
204
00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:39,000
[Ben] And in these letters,
205
00:13:39,080 --> 00:13:42,280
Röhm seems to become
more and more confident
206
00:13:42,360 --> 00:13:44,760
in identifying as homosexual.
207
00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:52,360
This is a moment
when the idea of sexuality itself,
208
00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:55,200
heterosexuality, homosexuality, whatever,
209
00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:58,840
the idea that a sexuality
is a coherent thing that a person has,
210
00:13:59,560 --> 00:14:02,800
is really quite fresh and being developed.
211
00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:12,840
[Klaus in German]
But there is also another reality.
212
00:14:12,920 --> 00:14:15,160
After all, Germany does not only
consist of cities,
213
00:14:15,240 --> 00:14:18,520
but a large part of it is towns, villages.
214
00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:24,440
For those, what is happening in Berlin
and other major cities is alien.
215
00:14:24,520 --> 00:14:29,720
The also feel intimidated
by this rapid change.
216
00:14:33,640 --> 00:14:34,800
[Ben] The pace of change
217
00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,560
is a source of frustration
for just about everybody.
218
00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:42,440
If you're a radical, then change
is happening much too slowly for you.
219
00:14:42,960 --> 00:14:45,160
On the other side,
if you're a conservative,
220
00:14:45,680 --> 00:14:51,120
you're watching everything that gives
your life depth and meaning washed away.
221
00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:55,560
And it's that experience
of being threatened by this change
222
00:14:55,640 --> 00:14:59,840
that gives fascists fertile ground
in which to spread their poisonous ideas.
223
00:15:02,560 --> 00:15:05,440
[Hitler in German]
We want to school the Germans
224
00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:09,800
insofar as that
there is no life without law
225
00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:13,520
and that there is no law without power
226
00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:16,840
and there is no power without strength
227
00:15:16,920 --> 00:15:21,160
and that any strength
has to be rooted in our own nation!
228
00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:24,840
[Walter in German] He sounded to me like
Hitler always sounded
229
00:15:24,920 --> 00:15:26,360
when he gave a speech,
230
00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:28,320
like a madman.
231
00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:31,560
The yelling and the things he said.
232
00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:34,720
And of course he talked about the Jews,
yes.
233
00:15:35,360 --> 00:15:38,840
It was a horrible thing to listen to.
234
00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:45,200
I didn't concern myself with it
any further.
235
00:15:45,760 --> 00:15:50,280
I was an innocent young man.
236
00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:56,200
I had fallen in love, you see.
237
00:15:56,280 --> 00:16:00,680
[plays piano]
238
00:16:00,760 --> 00:16:02,800
[transitions into gentle piano music]
239
00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:06,840
We had a villa in Sauerbrunn
240
00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:09,840
where we spent our summers.
241
00:16:11,960 --> 00:16:17,280
And someone else who went there on holiday
every year was Lumpi.
242
00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:20,960
That's how I met him.
243
00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:24,960
He lived in Budapest
and I lived in Vienna.
244
00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:30,520
Lumpi and I became friends.
245
00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:33,680
We did a lot of stuff together.
246
00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:38,440
I loved him. After all, why not?
247
00:16:38,520 --> 00:16:44,600
[they laugh]
248
00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:46,440
We were both Jewish.
249
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:52,240
But we didn't give it much thought.
250
00:16:59,960 --> 00:17:03,920
We were pretty removed from it all,
as you'd put it.
251
00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:13,280
But the trouble was in the air.
252
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:19,920
Not just in Berlin or in Germany,
but everywhere in Europe.
253
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:21,000
[tense music]
254
00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:29,839
[indistinct chatter]
255
00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:34,760
So in 1931, Hitler appoints Röhm
to be head of the SA.
256
00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:39,320
The SA is the Nazis' paramilitary.
They do the dirty work.
257
00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:42,880
They destabilize democracy,
258
00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:46,840
they fight other people on the street,
they beat people up outside events.
259
00:17:48,720 --> 00:17:54,320
Under Röhm, this force would grow
to three million members.
260
00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:59,680
That's an enormously important
kind of backbone and insurance
261
00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:00,960
for the Nazi movement.
262
00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:07,800
The SA is a really huge part of the Nazis'
plan to take control of Germany
263
00:18:07,880 --> 00:18:10,280
and to establish a racially pure empire
264
00:18:10,360 --> 00:18:13,400
free of Jews, free of communists,
free of disabled people,
265
00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:16,800
free of Roma and Sinti people
and free of queers.
266
00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:23,800
[tense music]
267
00:18:23,880 --> 00:18:25,960
[Kathrin in German]
The SA recruited its members
268
00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:31,280
mostly among young men from lower class
and lower middle-classes.
269
00:18:31,360 --> 00:18:35,120
Because of its relatively low-threshold
admission criteria,
270
00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:38,160
it didn't consist
of only radical nationalists,
271
00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:42,520
but also of outsiders, eccentrics
and quite a number of criminals.
272
00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:49,480
[Ben] Karl Ernst is a storm trooper
273
00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:54,320
who Röhm probably meets and recruits
274
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:57,280
out of this Berlin nightlife world.
275
00:18:57,360 --> 00:18:59,280
And Ernst ends up joining the SA
276
00:18:59,360 --> 00:19:03,680
and becoming a right-hand man of Röhm
in the organization.
277
00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:08,120
[Kathrin in German] The storm trooper,
Karl Ernst, worked in Berlin,
278
00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:12,960
sometimes as a doorman in gay and lesbian
nightclubs, sometimes as a bellhop.
279
00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:18,000
[Ben] After joining the SA, Ernst begins
to develop his own political ambitions,
280
00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:21,120
even as he's living a gay double life.
281
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:28,520
So if we think about Röhm's life
282
00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:32,320
in the military,
in these right-wing paramilitaries,
283
00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:37,920
he's someone who creates around himself
an entirely single-sex environment.
284
00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:42,720
You're living together,
you're showering together.
285
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,880
You're going out in the streets and
beating up Jews and communists together.
286
00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:48,960
And all of this can have
287
00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:52,800
a kind of erotic or sexual charge.
288
00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:55,240
There is this hyper-masculinity.
289
00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:57,720
"We are so much men
290
00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:00,560
that we are actually disgusted by women."
291
00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:02,280
"We don't want to look at them."
292
00:20:02,360 --> 00:20:07,160
"And that doesn't make us effeminate,
that makes us even more like men."
293
00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:09,320
[Röhm in German] To the movement!
294
00:20:09,400 --> 00:20:15,920
[indistinct chatter and shouting]
295
00:20:31,800 --> 00:20:35,320
[Kathrin in German] There is one man
in the Nazi movement
296
00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:38,840
whose dangerousness
Ernst Röhm underestimated for a long time.
297
00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:41,440
That is the Reich Leader of the SS,
Heinrich Himmler.
298
00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:48,440
As a young person, Heinrich Himmler
was very interested
299
00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:50,840
in this kind of fraternity-based
comradeship.
300
00:20:50,920 --> 00:20:55,280
But at the same time he always feared the
danger inherent in the possibility
301
00:20:55,360 --> 00:20:59,200
of these manly friendships
giving rise to erotic attraction.
302
00:21:01,680 --> 00:21:06,440
At this point in time, Himmler was
the leader of the SS, the Schutzstaffel.
303
00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:12,000
[Ben] The smaller paramilitary SS
is below Röhm's much larger SA.
304
00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:14,840
So Röhm and Himmler
are competing in some way.
305
00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:18,240
[Kathrin in German] To distance himself
from the SA,
306
00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:20,160
which is widely decried as homosexual,
307
00:21:20,240 --> 00:21:25,600
he plans to forge this SS
into an elite organization.
308
00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:30,280
For him, that includes that its members
should ideally be blond and blue-eyed.
309
00:21:30,360 --> 00:21:33,080
So he invariably seems to consider
external criteria
310
00:21:33,160 --> 00:21:35,600
to be an ostensible proof
of "good Aryan blood".
311
00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:40,840
[crowd cheer]
312
00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:47,520
[indistinct conversation]
313
00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:51,240
[Klaus in German] Gottfried von Cramm
becomes a star during those years.
314
00:21:53,120 --> 00:21:55,560
[commentator in French]
After two extremely close games,
315
00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:57,400
the German champion tears a muscle,
316
00:21:57,480 --> 00:22:01,480
and from then on
cannot really resist Perry.
317
00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:05,640
[Klaus in German] Gottfried started
playing tennis at the age of ten,
318
00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:09,720
and at 13 he decided that he would become
the best tennis player in the world.
319
00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:13,320
The moment he gets to Berlin,
320
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:17,520
he immediately joins
this very famous tennis club, "Rot-Weiß".
321
00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:22,240
And one of its members is Hermann Göring,
322
00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:26,400
the eventual Interior Minister
of the Nazi government.
323
00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:31,000
Gottfried is a handsome man, a tall man.
324
00:22:31,080 --> 00:22:33,840
He has blue eyes, blond hair.
325
00:22:34,360 --> 00:22:38,440
He embodies the prototype of an Aryan.
326
00:22:38,520 --> 00:22:43,040
And he gets prompted early on
to become a member of the Nazi Party.
327
00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:45,920
We know that Gottfried refuses,
328
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:50,480
and of course over the years that becomes
more and more of a problem.
329
00:22:50,560 --> 00:22:57,560
[indistinct conversation]
330
00:22:57,640 --> 00:23:04,640
[optimistic music]
331
00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:13,040
Of course we don't know any details
about how the meeting comes about.
332
00:23:13,120 --> 00:23:17,600
But we do know that Gottfried
meets a young man,
333
00:23:17,680 --> 00:23:19,600
of a similarly young age as Gottfried.
334
00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:25,600
This young man is called Manasse,
Manasse Herbst.
335
00:23:28,560 --> 00:23:34,440
Gottfried and Manasse certainly come
from very different worlds.
336
00:23:34,520 --> 00:23:39,280
Manasse comes from a Jewish family
in the poor Scheunenviertel.
337
00:23:39,920 --> 00:23:41,280
He's an actor.
338
00:23:41,360 --> 00:23:45,960
But to make ends meet,
he works as a bartender at the Jockey,
339
00:23:46,040 --> 00:23:50,400
a small jazz bar
a few blocks from the Eldorado.
340
00:23:51,480 --> 00:23:55,400
Maybe there was a moment of recognition.
341
00:23:56,600 --> 00:24:01,880
[indistinct chatter]
342
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:06,240
[tense music]
343
00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:16,680
There exists a genuine threat
for homosexual men: Paragraph 175.
344
00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:20,600
FORNICATION BETWEEN PERSONS OF THE
MALE SEX IS PUNISHED WITH IMPRISONMENT
345
00:24:20,680 --> 00:24:24,880
The paragraph criminalizes
homosexual relations between men.
346
00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:27,200
But it is tricky in its application
347
00:24:27,280 --> 00:24:34,000
since many courts demand proof
of coital acts.
348
00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:37,480
And that isn't exactly
an easy task for the police.
349
00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,640
[Ben] Instead of actually
busting up bars or conducting raids,
350
00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:47,720
what they do is
they maintain "pink lists."
351
00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:53,360
And these are lists of people that
they suspect or know to be homosexual.
352
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:57,280
[Klaus in German] A lot of the time
you didn't know you were on them,
353
00:24:57,360 --> 00:24:59,200
because you never ended up being charged.
354
00:24:59,280 --> 00:25:03,280
But we know that the pink lists eventually
had thousands of names written on them.
355
00:25:03,360 --> 00:25:06,120
FIRST NAME: JOSEF
CRIMINAL CATEGORY: § 175
356
00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:09,360
But Gottfried possesses
this inner freedom,
357
00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:11,320
that if he falls in love,
358
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:12,960
he pursues that love.
359
00:25:13,040 --> 00:25:18,200
[gentle jazz music]
360
00:25:18,280 --> 00:25:22,080
After their first meeting, Gottfried
and Manasse see each other regularly.
361
00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:27,200
Of course, Lisa knows all about it.
362
00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:31,800
There is no being secretive; instead
it is all being lived out in the open.
363
00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:38,520
[in German] What are you doing?
364
00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:39,600
[they laugh]
365
00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:42,920
Come here! Come on!
366
00:25:43,720 --> 00:25:49,080
[Klaus in German] And the three of them
now start a new type of relationship,
367
00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:52,200
that seems to work.
368
00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:59,280
[indistinct chatter]
369
00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:06,360
For Lisa, the move to Berlin
is also liberating.
370
00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:10,400
She wants to live independently
and experience herself in a new way.
371
00:26:10,480 --> 00:26:12,800
And she very quickly forms friendships
372
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:17,480
with the modern women
that this Berlin has created.
373
00:26:17,560 --> 00:26:21,800
With female authors, with female athletes,
with female photographers.
374
00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:24,400
It's important to note,
Lisa also does photography herself.
375
00:26:25,120 --> 00:26:28,800
She's an avid jazz dancer,
she's an avid equestrian,
376
00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:31,720
she plays hockey
and even becomes the German champion.
377
00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:39,000
And this stems from a deeper movement
that began even before the 1920s
378
00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:40,360
where you free yourself
379
00:26:40,440 --> 00:26:44,280
from this "being confined by clothes,
by houses."
380
00:26:45,440 --> 00:26:48,640
So she has this tough way of speaking
and goes her own way.
381
00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:56,320
Relatively quickly, she had affairs,
also with lesbian friends.
382
00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:00,640
She was curious, had a sexual thirst
for adventure that she lived freely.
383
00:27:00,720 --> 00:27:05,480
["You Do Something to Me" plays]
384
00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:11,920
♪ You do something to me ♪
385
00:27:13,480 --> 00:27:20,160
♪ Something that simply mystifies me ♪
386
00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:27,520
♪ Tell me, why should it be ♪
387
00:27:28,960 --> 00:27:35,720
♪ You have the power to hypnotize me ♪
388
00:27:36,720 --> 00:27:39,040
[song continues]
389
00:27:39,120 --> 00:27:42,160
[Klaus in German] The relationship
between Gottfried and Lisa
390
00:27:42,240 --> 00:27:46,880
is characterized by this
almost endless trust in each other,
391
00:27:46,960 --> 00:27:50,560
that whatever one does, it is okay.
392
00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:57,120
♪ ...so well, oh you ♪
393
00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:02,160
ELECTION CAMPAIGN IN GERMANY
394
00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:04,240
[Ben] So it's the spring of 1932.
395
00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:06,520
Hitler's running
in the presidential election.
396
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:09,280
The Nazis are running
in the Parliamentary election.
397
00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:12,160
[Kathrin in German]
Shortly before they seize power,
398
00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:16,280
the Nazis once again significantly
increased their street terror.
399
00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:19,880
There were massive street fights
with fatal casualties.
400
00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:22,480
The purpose behind all of this
401
00:28:22,560 --> 00:28:27,600
was to attempt to demonstrate
the instability of democracy.
402
00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:32,480
And they presented themselves
as the part of law and order
403
00:28:32,560 --> 00:28:35,240
that, after winning the election,
404
00:28:35,320 --> 00:28:40,560
would once again restore security,
order and peace.
405
00:28:40,640 --> 00:28:43,120
TAKE TO THE STREETS!
ADOLF HITLER
406
00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:45,120
[Klaus in German] It is not so much fear
407
00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:49,160
that the people associate with the Nazis
408
00:28:49,240 --> 00:28:53,520
but the hope for a reinvigorated Germany
409
00:28:54,440 --> 00:28:57,440
and the promise of a golden future.
410
00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:07,320
[in German] Hello, good evening.
411
00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:20,320
[Zavier] So Charlotte, Toni
and another woman,
412
00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:23,200
Dorchen Richter,
they have their surgeries now.
413
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:27,680
And they are only three examples
that we know
414
00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:30,640
had gender reassignment surgery
at the Institute
415
00:29:30,720 --> 00:29:33,360
and survived those surgeries initially.
416
00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:41,360
These surgeries
and these different procedures
417
00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:44,280
were incredibly risky,
they were very experimental.
418
00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:46,800
These were some of the first times
419
00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:51,880
when multiple surgeries were being
performed on humans in history.
420
00:29:56,240 --> 00:29:58,760
People would want to come to this place
421
00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:01,880
precisely because
there was no other alternative.
422
00:30:01,960 --> 00:30:04,760
So its renown was global.
423
00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:13,880
[Morgan] Charlotte and Toni
must feel a huge amount of relief
424
00:30:13,960 --> 00:30:18,440
that they were able to access surgeries
while those surgeries were possible.
425
00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:20,240
Now, having had the surgeries,
426
00:30:20,320 --> 00:30:23,960
they feel much more content
in their gender
427
00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:26,240
and more solidified in their femininity.
428
00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:28,040
Charlotte frequently proclaims
429
00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:31,720
that the surgery has made her
the happiest she's ever been.
430
00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:38,800
[gentle piano and string music]
431
00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:45,800
[Morgan] I can't think
of another piece of film from this time
432
00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:48,440
where you see not just one trans person,
433
00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:51,080
but multiple trans people together,
434
00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:54,600
really quite happy and joyful.
435
00:31:03,880 --> 00:31:10,880
[indistinct chatter]
436
00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:14,640
[Morgan] In Germany at this time,
437
00:31:14,720 --> 00:31:18,960
if one of the drag acts at the Eldorado
438
00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:22,320
walks out the door still in drag,
439
00:31:22,400 --> 00:31:25,840
they can be arrested
for causing a public disturbance.
440
00:31:25,920 --> 00:31:31,640
[indistinct chatter]
441
00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:36,760
This means that most trans people
aren't able to live as themselves
442
00:31:36,840 --> 00:31:39,120
without facing police repression.
443
00:31:41,040 --> 00:31:44,040
Magnus Hirschfeld and the Institute
444
00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:47,760
come up with a negotiated solution
with the police,
445
00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:50,480
which is to provide these people
446
00:31:50,560 --> 00:31:53,760
walking papers or the "trans pass."
447
00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:56,840
WORKER, EVA KATTER
IS KNOWN TO WEAR MEN'S CLOTHING
448
00:31:56,920 --> 00:32:01,480
Basically an ID card
that indicates to police:
449
00:32:01,560 --> 00:32:05,360
You shouldn't arrest this person because
they're under the care of a doctor.
450
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:08,880
And they are legally entitled
to move through the public
451
00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:11,520
dressed as the gender they identify with.
452
00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:23,440
This is the first time in the world
453
00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:27,880
that there's legal recognition
for trans people's genders.
454
00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:31,760
And now people like Charlotte and Toni,
455
00:32:31,840 --> 00:32:34,480
they can walk freely, carrying this pass,
456
00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:37,080
without worrying
that a policeman is going to stop them
457
00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:39,160
and say, "you're doing something illegal."
458
00:32:42,280 --> 00:32:46,720
[Morgan] Queer and trans people
can live in the light, in public.
459
00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:50,400
And it happens right here in Berlin.
460
00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:55,000
[peaceful piano music]
461
00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:04,920
[train whistles]
462
00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:12,480
[Walter in German]
A few years later I went to Budapest
463
00:33:12,560 --> 00:33:15,160
to spend my Easter holidays there
464
00:33:15,240 --> 00:33:18,920
and I stayed with Lumpi,
in the Andrássy út,
465
00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:21,840
I don't remember the street number,
near the opera.
466
00:33:26,920 --> 00:33:31,120
During that first visit,
we were up to so many shenanigans.
467
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:40,600
They didn't have a real bathroom.
468
00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:44,480
They had this,
what we in Vienna called a lavor.
469
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:47,800
His mom would fill it with water
470
00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:52,960
and put us both, naked,
into this bathtub, see?
471
00:33:56,040 --> 00:34:02,320
And as Lumpi saw me, he got a boner.
472
00:34:03,280 --> 00:34:06,400
As he saw me naked. I did notice it.
473
00:34:07,080 --> 00:34:11,480
But we didn't touch each other sexually.
474
00:34:11,560 --> 00:34:16,320
But I was always very flustered.
475
00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:18,679
[he laughs]
476
00:34:20,159 --> 00:34:26,600
[peaceful piano and string music]
477
00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:33,080
[Kathrin in German] In the early 30s,
478
00:34:33,159 --> 00:34:36,719
Hitler tries to come to power through
legal means
479
00:34:36,800 --> 00:34:42,000
by using as much propaganda as possible
to get people's votes
480
00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:46,000
and to take over parliament
in order to then destroy it from within.
481
00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:50,480
[Ben] The Nazis' biggest enemies
482
00:34:50,560 --> 00:34:53,360
in some sense are the social democrats
and the communists.
483
00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:59,600
And the social democrats
need to come up with a campaign,
484
00:34:59,679 --> 00:35:04,920
something to do to try to stop the Nazis
from coming to power.
485
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:23,840
[Röhm laughs]
486
00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:27,160
CUPID IN THE BROWN HOUSE
487
00:35:27,240 --> 00:35:29,800
RÖHM APPROVES THE SA PARADE
488
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,920
[Ben] Social democratic journalists
get their hands on copies
489
00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:37,440
of Röhm's letters to Dr. Heimsoth
490
00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:41,200
and publish what they call
"the love letters of Ernst Röhm."
491
00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:44,600
[in German] "Revelations
about Hitler's chief mercenary."
492
00:35:44,680 --> 00:35:49,200
"Welt am Sonntag is publishing a letter
by Lieutenant Colonel Ret. Röhm"
493
00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:55,040
[Ben] An enormous scandal is made of this.
494
00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:58,680
The social democrats really think
that they have their silver bullet here
495
00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:02,040
that's going to help them
win back some elements of this base.
496
00:36:06,240 --> 00:36:09,160
In March of 1932,
as the scandal is breaking,
497
00:36:09,240 --> 00:36:12,400
Hitler gets 30 percent of the vote
in the presidential election,
498
00:36:12,480 --> 00:36:14,120
which is a whole lot.
499
00:36:14,720 --> 00:36:19,760
In July of 1932, after the scandal
has been raging for a few months,
500
00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:22,360
he gets 37 percent of the vote.
501
00:36:22,440 --> 00:36:24,520
And so you can see,
the scandal didn't work.
502
00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:28,640
It's kind of a failed political tactic.
503
00:36:28,720 --> 00:36:31,240
[he laughs]
504
00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:32,480
Same sex!
505
00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:33,720
I think if you're Röhm,
506
00:36:34,560 --> 00:36:37,680
when this breaks in the newspapers,
you're probably terrified.
507
00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:41,320
When it doesn't have an effect
508
00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:45,880
and the Party still cruises to this
victory in the elections, its first ever,
509
00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:48,160
you feel vindicated.
510
00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:52,280
And even more importantly,
you feel really unstoppable.
511
00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:59,360
[upbeat jazz music]
512
00:37:07,920 --> 00:37:14,920
[crowd cheer and whoop]
513
00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:53,480
fellow members of the German Nation.
514
00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:56,480
On January 30th,
515
00:37:57,400 --> 00:38:00,120
the die has been cast in Germany.
516
00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:03,040
And I do not believe
517
00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:09,560
that the enemies who were laughing back
then are still laughing today.
518
00:38:13,520 --> 00:38:14,360
Sieg!
519
00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:15,520
Heil!
520
00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:17,880
- Sieg!
- Heil!
521
00:38:18,440 --> 00:38:23,400
[Kathrin in German] On January 30th, 1933,
Hitler is appointed chancellor.
522
00:38:23,480 --> 00:38:27,080
[brass band plays march]
523
00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:30,920
REICH CHANCELLOR HITLER!
524
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:41,040
[Klaus in German] Hitler becomes
the Führer of his totalitarian regime.
525
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:44,800
[brass band plays march]
526
00:38:52,160 --> 00:38:56,240
[crowd cheers]
527
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:05,880
[ominous music]
528
00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:12,920
[Kathrin in German] The Nazi ideology
has no use at all anymore
529
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:15,560
for determining your life individually.
530
00:39:15,640 --> 00:39:19,160
Instead everything is only ever subject
to a higher idea.
531
00:39:19,240 --> 00:39:22,080
Every individual
in this national community
532
00:39:22,160 --> 00:39:25,760
has to defer to this higher purpose.
533
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:33,840
[Ben] The Nazis are enormously invested
534
00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:37,920
in ideas of racial and social
and sexual health and hygiene.
535
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:41,680
And that, of course, means producing
racially pure and healthy babies.
536
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:44,760
Anything that gets in the way
of growing the population
537
00:39:44,840 --> 00:39:47,000
is bad and a threat to the nation.
538
00:40:00,120 --> 00:40:02,640
[Klaus in German]
Shortly before the Nazis even seize power,
539
00:40:02,720 --> 00:40:04,560
the Eldorado is closed down.
540
00:40:05,320 --> 00:40:07,920
No farewells, no send-off.
541
00:40:09,360 --> 00:40:14,880
And the queer community loses
one of its most important ports of call.
542
00:40:25,480 --> 00:40:28,600
[Zavier] A lot of the people
that were employed by the Eldorado
543
00:40:28,680 --> 00:40:31,160
had a lot of their protections
taken away from them
544
00:40:31,240 --> 00:40:32,960
as well as job opportunities.
545
00:40:35,960 --> 00:40:38,920
[Klaus in German]
And then, to go from bad to worse,
546
00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:43,720
the Eldorado is used
as advertising space for the Nazis.
547
00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:48,640
ELDORADO
HERE IT IS RIGHT!
548
00:40:48,720 --> 00:40:50,640
VOTE FOR HITLER - LIST 1
549
00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:53,400
[Morgan] It must have caused
people's blood to run cold
550
00:40:53,480 --> 00:40:57,880
to think that you could go so far
in the extreme opposite direction
551
00:40:57,960 --> 00:40:59,600
in the same building.
552
00:40:59,680 --> 00:41:01,520
The Eldorado is closed
553
00:41:02,240 --> 00:41:07,760
and all of the social spaces
that had flourished for ten years before,
554
00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:10,000
disappear almost overnight.
555
00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:13,400
People are still queer but
they haven't got the same kind of venues
556
00:41:13,480 --> 00:41:15,000
where they can meet with each other.
557
00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:18,200
They have to do this
in a much more secretive way.
558
00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:25,280
[somber music]
559
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:37,040
[Klaus in German] In 1933,
560
00:41:37,120 --> 00:41:42,640
the life that Gottfried and Manasse
had led also changes drastically.
561
00:41:45,280 --> 00:41:49,000
Manasse very quickly loses
all his theater engagements
562
00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:52,080
because as a Jew he is no longer allowed
to work in the theater.
563
00:41:52,160 --> 00:41:58,280
He realizes very early on
that he is no longer safe in Germany.
564
00:42:00,320 --> 00:42:04,760
Everyone is aware
that the situation is quickly escalating.
565
00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:10,920
More and more, the relationship
is overshadowed by the question,
566
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:14,040
how can Manasse safely get out of Germany?
567
00:42:16,360 --> 00:42:18,720
But Gottfried wants to play tennis.
568
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:24,880
And if that means
he has to play tennis in Nazi Germany,
569
00:42:24,960 --> 00:42:26,680
then he will play for Germany.
570
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:29,760
The pressure is mounting.
571
00:42:29,840 --> 00:42:33,480
He has a romantic relationship
with a homosexual Jew.
572
00:42:33,560 --> 00:42:37,480
But at the same time
his popularity also grows,
573
00:42:37,560 --> 00:42:40,240
both nationally and internationally.
574
00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:44,400
And maybe he's thinking
that as long as he keeps winning,
575
00:42:44,480 --> 00:42:47,480
the regime can't touch him.
576
00:42:49,920 --> 00:42:54,320
And with Cramm's decision to play
for Germany, there was no other option.
577
00:42:54,400 --> 00:43:01,400
[tense music]
578
00:43:06,160 --> 00:43:09,760
[Zavier] Despite the Nazis
having already come into power in '33,
579
00:43:09,840 --> 00:43:13,880
Charlotte and Toni
felt comfortable going outside,
580
00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:16,040
presenting themselves on the street,
581
00:43:16,120 --> 00:43:17,840
having photographs taken
582
00:43:17,920 --> 00:43:22,080
and even talking to a journalist
really openly about themselves.
583
00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:29,720
[Morgan] Everything seems to be okay.
584
00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:32,040
You could still go to the Institute
585
00:43:32,880 --> 00:43:37,000
Charlotte is deeply enmeshed
within Hirschfeld and his circle.
586
00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:42,880
She provides advice to new trans people
587
00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:45,560
who don't even know
how to pick out dresses.
588
00:43:45,640 --> 00:43:48,560
She helps people get access to housing.
589
00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:53,400
Charlotte and Toni
are finally living lives
590
00:43:53,480 --> 00:43:56,640
and not just completing a medical process.
591
00:44:00,560 --> 00:44:04,200
[Klaus in German] Magnus Hirschfeld
meanwhile is on a tour of the world.
592
00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:12,760
While he can't make public appearances
in Germany anymore,
593
00:44:12,840 --> 00:44:15,400
he's still being celebrated
internationally.
594
00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:18,920
[Morgan] He's already notorious
595
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:22,720
for being the Jew
who's effeminizing Germany
596
00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:25,880
and seducing the youth into homosexuality.
597
00:44:25,960 --> 00:44:29,640
So he's really Nazi enemy number one.
598
00:44:31,760 --> 00:44:34,760
Charlotte and Toni
are starting to feel the heat.
599
00:44:34,840 --> 00:44:38,200
The two of them make a decision
to leave the Institute.
600
00:44:40,160 --> 00:44:46,040
They move into a squalid one-room flat
elsewhere in Berlin.
601
00:44:53,880 --> 00:44:56,320
These two women
602
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:59,080
develop such strong feelings to each other
603
00:45:00,040 --> 00:45:02,560
that Toni converts to Judaism.
604
00:45:07,480 --> 00:45:09,080
I find it hard to believe
605
00:45:09,160 --> 00:45:12,520
that anyone would be
converting to Judaism at this time
606
00:45:12,600 --> 00:45:16,400
if they didn't really
love the person they were with.
607
00:45:21,280 --> 00:45:26,040
After they've left,
this is when the Institute is attacked.
608
00:45:34,840 --> 00:45:37,600
[Robert] On the morning of May 6th, 1933,
609
00:45:37,680 --> 00:45:41,640
a group of Nazi students
ransack the Institute.
610
00:45:41,720 --> 00:45:47,480
Nazi youths pull down all the shelves,
they throw ink all over the research.
611
00:45:48,080 --> 00:45:50,760
[Zavier] They destroy the library,
they destroy the rooms.
612
00:45:50,840 --> 00:45:53,680
This includes some 20,000 books.
613
00:45:54,560 --> 00:45:57,240
[Morgan] They take pictures of themselves
614
00:45:57,320 --> 00:46:01,800
gleefully destroying
everything Magnus Hirschfeld has built.
615
00:46:02,480 --> 00:46:05,480
[Robert] This must be one of
the most devastating experiences
616
00:46:05,560 --> 00:46:07,000
in Hirschfeld's life.
617
00:46:08,480 --> 00:46:11,800
Hirschfeld is not at the Institute
when it's attacked.
618
00:46:11,880 --> 00:46:13,000
He is in Paris.
619
00:46:15,120 --> 00:46:18,640
There are still employees at the
Institute when the attack happens,
620
00:46:18,720 --> 00:46:20,160
like Dorchen Richter.
621
00:46:20,760 --> 00:46:23,880
The Institute was her home
and place of work and it was destroyed.
622
00:46:23,960 --> 00:46:27,080
And from what we know, she might have
been destroyed along with it.
623
00:46:28,280 --> 00:46:32,280
[Nazi in German] I consign to the flames
the writings of Heinrich Mann,
624
00:46:32,360 --> 00:46:35,640
Ernst Glaeser, Erich Kästner.
625
00:46:36,680 --> 00:46:40,440
I consign to the flames the writings
of the School of Sigmund Freud
626
00:46:41,080 --> 00:46:44,360
[Robert] Four days later,
at the infamous book burning,
627
00:46:44,440 --> 00:46:48,760
books from the Institute
are burned on the Opernplatz.
628
00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:55,040
[Nazis sing in German]
629
00:46:55,120 --> 00:46:56,800
[Robert] There's even a photograph
630
00:46:56,880 --> 00:47:01,480
of one of Hirschfeld's busts
being carried to the flames.
631
00:47:07,960 --> 00:47:09,240
[Morgan] These photos
632
00:47:10,320 --> 00:47:14,920
are deeply terrifying to look at to me.
633
00:47:15,720 --> 00:47:18,960
Because they are actively trying
634
00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:21,240
to destroy all evidence
635
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:24,920
that queer and trans people exist.
636
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:26,600
Once the Nazis are in power,
637
00:47:26,680 --> 00:47:31,640
this also dismantles
a lot of the opportunities
638
00:47:31,720 --> 00:47:35,280
that were within Germany
at the time for gender expression,
639
00:47:35,360 --> 00:47:36,960
for playing with gender.
640
00:47:37,640 --> 00:47:41,000
Women are meant to be
in the domestic sphere at home.
641
00:47:41,080 --> 00:47:44,640
They're meant
to bear children for the country.
642
00:47:44,720 --> 00:47:47,880
And men are meant
to kind of embody masculine virility
643
00:47:47,960 --> 00:47:50,760
and be able to go to war.
644
00:47:52,400 --> 00:47:55,480
So this experimental,
645
00:47:55,560 --> 00:47:59,040
expressionist,
tolerant period is now over.
646
00:47:59,120 --> 00:48:03,200
And it's been replaced
with very, very rigid gender roles.
647
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:15,360
[Ben] In September of 1933, Karl Ernst,
648
00:48:15,440 --> 00:48:17,800
who's one of Röhm's top deputies
649
00:48:17,880 --> 00:48:20,240
and who he met in gay nightclubs,
650
00:48:20,320 --> 00:48:22,320
very suddenly marries a woman.
651
00:48:25,320 --> 00:48:29,600
[military march plays]
652
00:48:29,680 --> 00:48:33,120
[Ben] The two best men at this wedding
are Röhm and Hermann Göring,
653
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:35,240
who's Hitler's Minister of the Interior.
654
00:48:35,320 --> 00:48:38,240
They walk down the aisle
behind the bride and groom,
655
00:48:38,320 --> 00:48:41,120
flanked by rows and rows of SA officers.
656
00:48:46,280 --> 00:48:49,800
You can imagine why it might be
very strategically useful for Röhm
657
00:48:49,880 --> 00:48:51,560
to put on a big public show
658
00:48:51,640 --> 00:48:55,800
and have a major SA officer
like Karl Ernst marrying a woman,
659
00:48:55,880 --> 00:48:58,120
as if to say,
"No, no. These are all just rumors,
660
00:48:58,200 --> 00:49:02,800
these paramilitaries have nothing to do
with dirty or impure homosexuality."
661
00:49:06,600 --> 00:49:08,160
In January of 1934,
662
00:49:08,240 --> 00:49:12,600
Röhm receives
a very warm personal letter from Hitler.
663
00:49:13,520 --> 00:49:16,000
"I feel compelled to thank you,
my dear Ernst Röhm,
664
00:49:16,080 --> 00:49:18,080
for the imperishable services
665
00:49:18,160 --> 00:49:21,200
and to assure you
how very grateful I am to fate
666
00:49:21,280 --> 00:49:25,560
that I am able to call such men as you
my friends and fellow combatants."
667
00:49:25,640 --> 00:49:29,880
"In true friendship and grateful regard.
Your Adolf Hitler."
668
00:49:29,960 --> 00:49:34,000
[tense music]
669
00:49:34,080 --> 00:49:38,400
After getting this letter, Röhm
is confident enough to demand, openly,
670
00:49:38,480 --> 00:49:40,560
that he be made Minister of Defense.
671
00:49:42,120 --> 00:49:44,000
And he be made minister in such a way
672
00:49:44,080 --> 00:49:47,480
that would take
the 100,000 strong German Army
673
00:49:47,560 --> 00:49:51,400
and fold it into the SA
and put all of that under his command.
674
00:49:57,600 --> 00:49:59,480
[Kathrin in German]
At the beginning of 1934,
675
00:49:59,560 --> 00:50:02,240
the SA has reached
its highest member count
676
00:50:02,320 --> 00:50:05,280
with approximately 4.5 million members.
677
00:50:07,640 --> 00:50:10,960
It has become something that
is increasingly causing Hitler problems.
678
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:16,320
[Ben] And the idea of Röhm
running the German military
679
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:19,320
horrifies conservatives in the German Army
680
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:22,960
who had enabled and gone along
with the Nazis' rise to power,
681
00:50:23,040 --> 00:50:26,480
but did not want to go along
with losing their titles,
682
00:50:26,560 --> 00:50:28,560
with losing their roles in this hierarchy.
683
00:50:28,640 --> 00:50:30,120
And so this had to be stopped.
684
00:50:32,800 --> 00:50:35,880
[Kathrin in German] It seems to
Heinrich Himmler that the moment has come
685
00:50:35,960 --> 00:50:40,400
to lead his SS out of the shadow
of Ernst Röhm and his SA
686
00:50:40,480 --> 00:50:43,040
and to expand his own position of power.
687
00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:49,360
[Ben] Röhm's opponents
in the Nazi movement,
688
00:50:49,440 --> 00:50:50,240
like Himmler,
689
00:50:50,320 --> 00:50:55,000
begin to propagate the idea that Röhm
is planning to actually take over,
690
00:50:55,080 --> 00:50:59,840
depose Hitler
and pursue his own further revolution.
691
00:51:01,920 --> 00:51:03,960
They end up succeeding
in convincing Hitler
692
00:51:04,040 --> 00:51:06,640
that this threat is imminent
and he really has to act.
693
00:51:07,240 --> 00:51:11,920
And Röhm's sexuality became a tool
that they could try to use to stop him.
694
00:51:19,680 --> 00:51:21,400
So it's the summer of 1934.
695
00:51:21,480 --> 00:51:24,760
Hitler invites Röhm
and the other top SA lieutenants
696
00:51:24,840 --> 00:51:29,760
to take a well-deserved break
on the Tegernsee in Bavaria.
697
00:51:31,880 --> 00:51:35,680
And these guys are having a great time
during these summer days.
698
00:51:35,760 --> 00:51:42,760
[whimsical music]
699
00:51:45,840 --> 00:51:48,880
[Ben] And so you can see,
Röhm is not off in this lake
700
00:51:48,960 --> 00:51:50,760
planning a takeover.
701
00:51:50,840 --> 00:51:52,440
He thinks he's on vacation.
702
00:51:57,000 --> 00:52:00,360
It's early in the morning
on June 30th, 1934.
703
00:52:01,040 --> 00:52:03,400
Ernst Röhm is asleep in his hotel room.
704
00:52:05,240 --> 00:52:07,720
But Hitler and Goebbels
are on their way to Bavaria.
705
00:52:15,960 --> 00:52:19,520
So Hitler immediately goes to this hotel
on Lake Tegernsee.
706
00:52:19,600 --> 00:52:21,080
And together with this SS troop
707
00:52:21,160 --> 00:52:24,680
personally bursts through the door
of Röhm's bedroom.
708
00:52:26,480 --> 00:52:29,480
When he gets into the room,
he accuses Röhm of treason.
709
00:52:29,560 --> 00:52:31,120
[Nazi in German] Get dressed!
710
00:52:31,840 --> 00:52:34,240
[Ben] At this point,
Röhm is maybe confused,
711
00:52:34,320 --> 00:52:37,120
thinking this is all
some kind of misunderstanding.
712
00:52:39,120 --> 00:52:42,680
A lot of the other top SA men
and Röhm are arrested
713
00:52:42,760 --> 00:52:45,320
and brought to the Stadelheim prison
in Munich.
714
00:52:46,240 --> 00:52:49,000
Six of these men
are shot immediately on the spot.
715
00:52:56,600 --> 00:52:58,800
[Kathrin in German]
Two days later Hitler decided
716
00:52:58,880 --> 00:53:02,800
to make Röhm the offer
that he should shoot himself.
717
00:53:07,240 --> 00:53:08,880
[Ben] Röhm's response was,
718
00:53:08,960 --> 00:53:11,960
"If I'm going to be killed,
then let Adolf do it himself."
719
00:53:14,880 --> 00:53:17,560
[Kathrin in German]
Only after Röhm refuses to kill himself
720
00:53:17,640 --> 00:53:19,960
is he shot dead by two SS captains.
721
00:53:36,560 --> 00:53:39,360
On June 30th and the following two days,
722
00:53:39,440 --> 00:53:42,640
a total of around 90 people are shot,
723
00:53:42,720 --> 00:53:45,000
around 1,000 people are arrested.
724
00:53:45,080 --> 00:53:49,120
Among them aren't only Ernst Röhm
and some of his SA men,
725
00:53:49,200 --> 00:53:52,320
but political opponents
and members of parliament.
726
00:53:53,120 --> 00:53:57,320
It is the regime's
first state-sanctioned mass murder.
727
00:54:06,920 --> 00:54:08,200
The public had been told
728
00:54:08,280 --> 00:54:11,360
that all of these people
were planning a coup against Hitler,
729
00:54:11,440 --> 00:54:14,920
but that wasn't necessarily a story
that people were going to believe.
730
00:54:15,000 --> 00:54:17,720
[in German] Hitler
welcomed the SA murders,
731
00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:21,920
saying that the sexual debauchery inside
the SA had recently increased so much
732
00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:25,680
that it supposedly damaged
the reputation of National Socialism.
733
00:54:25,760 --> 00:54:29,560
THE BROWN HOUSE OF HOMOSEXUALS
734
00:54:30,160 --> 00:54:32,640
[Ben] Hitler gives a speech which reads,
and I quote,
735
00:54:32,720 --> 00:54:36,560
"I would especially like every mother
to be able to offer her son to the SA,
736
00:54:36,640 --> 00:54:38,160
the Party or the Hitler Youth
737
00:54:38,240 --> 00:54:42,200
without the fear that he might become
morally or sexually depraved."
738
00:54:44,680 --> 00:54:48,600
"I want to see men as SA officers
and not disgusting apes."
739
00:54:49,560 --> 00:54:53,040
[crowd applaud]
740
00:54:59,400 --> 00:55:02,600
[Walter in German]
It was a huge, a huge scandal.
741
00:55:02,680 --> 00:55:05,960
It was on the front page
of every newspaper.
742
00:55:06,040 --> 00:55:08,560
[Hitler in German]
I gave the order to shoot
743
00:55:08,640 --> 00:55:13,920
the chief culprits of this treason,
744
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:20,000
and I gave the order to burn out these
ulcers of our internal well poisoning
745
00:55:20,080 --> 00:55:21,960
and the poisoning from foreign countries.
746
00:55:22,040 --> 00:55:24,800
[Walter in German]
I must have heard it on the radio,
747
00:55:24,880 --> 00:55:29,440
because I have a very clear memory
of that moment
748
00:55:29,520 --> 00:55:33,800
that I found out what happened there.
749
00:55:33,880 --> 00:55:36,680
It, it frightened you.
750
00:55:36,760 --> 00:55:42,040
No matter if you were homosexual
or not homosexual.
751
00:55:42,120 --> 00:55:45,880
As a human
It could have happened to anyone.
752
00:55:48,880 --> 00:55:52,080
And it showed who Hitler was.
753
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:05,360
[Kathrin in German] Due to the SS
committing the murders of the SA,
754
00:56:05,440 --> 00:56:09,880
Himmler has once again clearly proven
his loyalty to Hitler.
755
00:56:10,480 --> 00:56:14,160
And Hitler thanks him
by satisfying Himmler's wish
756
00:56:14,240 --> 00:56:16,560
and separating the SS from the SA.
757
00:56:16,640 --> 00:56:19,480
It is now directly under Hitler's command.
758
00:56:21,800 --> 00:56:24,760
Which is what Heinrich Himmler
had wanted all along.
759
00:56:26,880 --> 00:56:33,720
This ultimately creates the basis
of Himmler's rise and career.
760
00:56:35,760 --> 00:56:37,480
After the Röhm murders,
761
00:56:37,560 --> 00:56:42,480
he bit by bit takes over the leadership of
the political police in all German states
762
00:56:42,560 --> 00:56:45,880
until he eventually becomes both
chief of the whole of the German police
763
00:56:45,960 --> 00:56:49,400
as well as Reich leader
of the SS and Gestapo.
764
00:56:53,560 --> 00:56:55,800
[Klaus in German]
Heinrich Himmler becomes the leader
765
00:56:55,880 --> 00:56:57,360
of the fight against homosexuality.
766
00:56:57,440 --> 00:57:00,960
His goal is to eradicate homosexuality.
767
00:57:01,840 --> 00:57:04,600
[Kathrin in German] "Homosexuality
tears down any accomplishment
768
00:57:04,680 --> 00:57:07,240
and destroys the state
in its very foundation."
769
00:57:07,320 --> 00:57:09,640
"For only the nation
that has a great many children
770
00:57:09,720 --> 00:57:13,080
has an entitlement
to world power and world domination."
771
00:57:13,720 --> 00:57:16,920
"Homosexuality
has to be combated at all costs,
772
00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:21,200
otherwise it will be the end of Germany,
the end of the Germanic world."
773
00:57:21,280 --> 00:57:23,840
[Himmler in German]
It is the sword of the revolution
774
00:57:25,520 --> 00:57:28,560
that the only enemy
no longer causing damage
775
00:57:29,440 --> 00:57:32,480
is the one who is dead
and who is annihilated.
776
00:57:33,240 --> 00:57:36,840
[Klaus in German] The pink lists
previously compiled by the police
777
00:57:36,920 --> 00:57:40,000
now not only fall into the hands
of the German police,
778
00:57:40,080 --> 00:57:42,440
but also the hands of the Gestapo.
779
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:54,320
There is then a wave of persecution
and sentencing like never seen before.
780
00:57:56,280 --> 00:58:01,600
[Zavier] Gay men are persecuted
directly through paragraph 175.
781
00:58:02,320 --> 00:58:06,160
But trans people and lesbians are also
persecuted under the Nazi regime,
782
00:58:06,240 --> 00:58:08,960
but through more indirect
and complicated ways.
783
00:58:09,040 --> 00:58:12,800
They could be targeted
by being called "asozial"
784
00:58:12,880 --> 00:58:15,080
or for not fitting
into the Volksgemeinschaft.
785
00:58:19,240 --> 00:58:21,440
[Klaus in German] Many, I think,
were also surprised
786
00:58:21,520 --> 00:58:24,400
by how quickly the police stepped in,
787
00:58:24,480 --> 00:58:27,160
how quickly you ended up in court.
788
00:58:27,760 --> 00:58:29,920
They don't yet know
how to protect themselves.
789
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:31,680
They have address books at home
790
00:58:31,760 --> 00:58:36,520
that suddenly turn up
as evidence in court.
791
00:58:38,120 --> 00:58:41,400
Denunciations are expressly encouraged.
792
00:58:41,480 --> 00:58:43,880
And the German people deliver.
793
00:58:43,960 --> 00:58:46,640
Neighbors monitor if you get a visitor
794
00:58:47,200 --> 00:58:50,200
and pull the bedroom curtains closed.
795
00:58:50,880 --> 00:58:56,960
Neighbors make statements on
women wearing pants and looking lesbian.
796
00:58:57,840 --> 00:59:02,400
So the police are called upon
to remove these individuals
797
00:59:02,480 --> 00:59:06,440
that one no longer wants to tolerate
within Nazi Germany.
798
00:59:13,320 --> 00:59:17,400
Thus you see between 1933 and 1936,
799
00:59:17,480 --> 00:59:22,800
Manasse tries again and again
to find a place where he can keep living,
800
00:59:22,880 --> 00:59:24,600
a place outside Germany.
801
00:59:24,680 --> 00:59:27,520
And they try to meet up,
whether it be in Berlin
802
00:59:27,600 --> 00:59:30,960
or in cities where Gottfried plays tennis,
803
00:59:31,040 --> 00:59:33,240
in order to be able
to keep seeing each other.
804
00:59:34,080 --> 00:59:37,520
It must have been very, very exhausting
and also very oppressive.
805
00:59:38,120 --> 00:59:39,680
They are young lovers after all.
806
00:59:41,160 --> 00:59:45,920
And that easiness
suddenly changes to this intense,
807
00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:48,600
"How can I get out of here?
How can I get to safety?"
808
00:59:48,680 --> 00:59:49,680
[tense music]
809
00:59:58,240 --> 01:00:00,440
And there is one last meeting.
810
01:00:00,520 --> 01:00:05,720
And for many years, that is the last night
they can spend with each other.
811
01:00:08,640 --> 01:00:13,360
Gottfried transfers prize money
he won in various tournaments to Manasse,
812
01:00:13,440 --> 01:00:19,680
so that in early 1936 Manasse is able
to emigrate to Palestine and be safe.
813
01:00:19,760 --> 01:00:26,120
[melancholy music]
814
01:00:26,200 --> 01:00:31,040
He also loses Lisa that same year
because Lisa files for divorce.
815
01:00:31,760 --> 01:00:38,400
We know from her later letters
that she often regretted this step,
816
01:00:38,480 --> 01:00:40,400
but is also convinced
817
01:00:40,480 --> 01:00:41,960
that she couldn't exist
818
01:00:42,040 --> 01:00:47,160
alongside this huge love
that Gottfried has for tennis.
819
01:00:48,520 --> 01:00:52,640
She says that if she had continued
to live this life with him,
820
01:00:53,440 --> 01:00:56,400
she would have had to give up
everything important to her.
821
01:00:56,480 --> 01:00:58,800
Because there was barely room
for her anymore.
822
01:01:07,960 --> 01:01:13,480
One of the biggest tennis matches
in Gottfried von Cramm's career
823
01:01:13,560 --> 01:01:16,880
is the 1937 Davis Cup at Wimbledon
824
01:01:16,960 --> 01:01:20,440
against his American opponent,
Donald Budge.
825
01:01:22,480 --> 01:01:27,000
At this time, Gottfried is one of
the most popular athletes in the world.
826
01:01:27,080 --> 01:01:31,320
The Nazi regime expects
their tennis player,
827
01:01:31,400 --> 01:01:33,120
the German player, to win.
828
01:01:34,680 --> 01:01:39,800
There are 15,000 spectators,
Queen Mary herself
829
01:01:39,880 --> 01:01:43,080
and part of the global public watching.
830
01:01:43,160 --> 01:01:45,360
There had never been
anything quite like it.
831
01:01:45,440 --> 01:01:47,880
And to this day,
832
01:01:47,960 --> 01:01:51,600
this match is remembered as one of
the greatest games of tennis of all time.
833
01:01:51,680 --> 01:01:56,200
There is an anecdote by Donald Budge
834
01:01:56,280 --> 01:02:01,520
that Gottfried had a call
shortly before the match,
835
01:02:01,600 --> 01:02:03,080
supposedly from Hitler,
836
01:02:03,160 --> 01:02:06,600
threatening him that
if he did not win this match,
837
01:02:08,200 --> 01:02:10,200
they could no longer protect him.
838
01:02:11,480 --> 01:02:12,960
[announcer] Wimbledon finals,
839
01:02:13,680 --> 01:02:15,520
where the big men's championship match
840
01:02:15,600 --> 01:02:18,040
sees Baron von Cramm,
German Davis Cup ace,
841
01:02:18,120 --> 01:02:20,280
serve to California's Donald Budge,
842
01:02:20,360 --> 01:02:23,560
Wimbledon Champion
and this year's unbeatable Yankee.
843
01:02:25,160 --> 01:02:26,920
Budge in the near court.
844
01:02:33,440 --> 01:02:34,240
Deuce.
845
01:02:34,320 --> 01:02:39,320
[crowd applauds]
846
01:02:39,920 --> 01:02:44,120
[Walter in German] A match unfolds
where it looks for the most part
847
01:02:44,200 --> 01:02:46,400
as if Gottfried would be the winner.
848
01:02:50,040 --> 01:02:51,920
[announcer] Advantage von Cramm.
849
01:02:52,000 --> 01:02:54,360
[crowd cheer]
850
01:02:55,800 --> 01:02:56,920
Quiet, please.
851
01:03:07,400 --> 01:03:09,120
Budge now in the far court.
852
01:03:11,800 --> 01:03:12,840
[crowd cheer]
853
01:03:12,920 --> 01:03:15,320
[Klaus in German] At the very end,
in the fifth set,
854
01:03:15,400 --> 01:03:17,920
he ends up losing eight to six
855
01:03:18,960 --> 01:03:23,440
and does what he has
also become famous for,
856
01:03:23,520 --> 01:03:25,800
he honors the victor.
857
01:03:26,320 --> 01:03:32,880
My dear Don, I want to congratulate you
on your splendid playing.
858
01:03:33,760 --> 01:03:37,440
I think you deserve to win
every championship in the world now.
859
01:03:37,520 --> 01:03:40,040
But I'll do what I can to prevent that.
860
01:03:40,120 --> 01:03:41,680
You're such a grand sportsman.
861
01:03:41,760 --> 01:03:45,320
That is very kind of you, my dear Donald.
Thanks very much indeed.
862
01:03:45,920 --> 01:03:48,440
[Klaus in German]
That delighted the audience.
863
01:03:48,520 --> 01:03:51,800
And everyone understood
that this tennis player,
864
01:03:51,880 --> 01:03:56,160
while he might play for Nazi Germany,
is not identical with Nazi Germany.
865
01:03:56,240 --> 01:04:00,880
[crowds cheer and shout]
866
01:04:00,960 --> 01:04:03,640
Which then poses the question:
867
01:04:04,800 --> 01:04:06,880
does that still serve the regime?
868
01:04:11,480 --> 01:04:14,920
After the defeat,
Gottfried goes on a tour of the world
869
01:04:15,000 --> 01:04:18,520
where he rushes from one tennis tournament
to the next.
870
01:04:18,600 --> 01:04:20,560
At a press conference,
871
01:04:20,640 --> 01:04:25,760
he is asked what he thinks about
the persecution of Jews in Germany.
872
01:04:25,840 --> 01:04:28,800
And he clearly states
that he does not agree with it.
873
01:04:28,880 --> 01:04:33,560
So he makes no bones about his distaste
for National Socialism,
874
01:04:33,640 --> 01:04:37,120
which means he puts himself
in more and more danger.
875
01:04:48,480 --> 01:04:54,200
FREE GERMAN AUSTRIA GREETS YOU!
876
01:04:58,480 --> 01:05:01,280
ONE PEOPLE, ONE REICH, ONE FÜHRER
877
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:10,960
[Walter in German]
The Austrians became Nazis overnight.
878
01:05:11,040 --> 01:05:18,040
[crowds cheer]
879
01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:24,920
He had 400,000 people at Heldenplatz
880
01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:26,760
cheering for him.
881
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:30,560
[Hitler in German] As Führer
and Chancellor
882
01:05:30,640 --> 01:05:32,800
of the German Nations of the Reich,
883
01:05:32,880 --> 01:05:35,560
I now declare before German history,
884
01:05:35,640 --> 01:05:40,080
the accession of my homeland
to the German Reich!
885
01:05:40,160 --> 01:05:40,960
[crowds cheer]
886
01:05:41,040 --> 01:05:43,800
[crowd] Heil! Heil!
887
01:05:47,840 --> 01:05:54,840
[oppressive music]
888
01:05:55,760 --> 01:05:59,080
JEWRY IS GANGSTERISM
889
01:05:59,160 --> 01:06:01,440
[Walter in German]
When you went out into the street,
890
01:06:01,520 --> 01:06:05,240
the whole city was full of these posters:
"Jews banned."
891
01:06:05,320 --> 01:06:07,480
There were posters everywhere you looked.
892
01:06:07,560 --> 01:06:10,240
NON-ARYAN SHOP
HERZMANSKYARYAN AGAIN
893
01:06:10,840 --> 01:06:13,640
But I still went out into the street.
894
01:06:16,040 --> 01:06:18,400
I really was just wandering the city.
895
01:06:20,320 --> 01:06:23,120
Suddenly I see a crowd of people.
896
01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:26,000
And there's my Aunt Gretel on her knees,
897
01:06:26,080 --> 01:06:30,960
made to clean the pavement
with a toothbrush.
898
01:06:32,760 --> 01:06:37,000
JEW
899
01:06:40,560 --> 01:06:45,920
[gentle piano music]
900
01:06:46,000 --> 01:06:51,560
The day after Hitler came here,
this letter comes in a blue envelope.
901
01:06:54,280 --> 01:06:56,320
[Lumpi in German] "Dear Walter,
902
01:06:57,720 --> 01:07:01,640
Since you visited me, everything
has become so dreadful in Budapest."
903
01:07:01,720 --> 01:07:03,600
"You wouldn't recognize it anymore."
904
01:07:04,720 --> 01:07:06,920
"I also hear dreadful things
out of Vienna."
905
01:07:07,440 --> 01:07:10,200
"How are you? Are you safe?"
906
01:07:11,520 --> 01:07:15,720
"My parents have to give up the business,
even though we converted."
907
01:07:16,320 --> 01:07:18,840
"They're trying
to get us out of the country."
908
01:07:18,920 --> 01:07:21,840
"But we have no family or close friends."
909
01:07:21,920 --> 01:07:22,960
"Except you."
910
01:07:24,000 --> 01:07:27,280
"The Nazis are ever-present everywhere and
I am very scared."
911
01:07:29,640 --> 01:07:31,640
"Can you help us somehow?"
912
01:07:32,840 --> 01:07:34,080
"What will you do?"
913
01:07:35,480 --> 01:07:36,840
"If you go,
914
01:07:36,920 --> 01:07:39,720
please take me with you
and write to me quickly."
915
01:07:39,800 --> 01:07:40,800
"Your Lumpi."
916
01:07:44,560 --> 01:07:47,120
[Walter in German]
It was a desperate letter.
917
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:50,920
But I didn't answer the letter
because I...
918
01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:53,400
At the time the letter arrived,
919
01:07:53,480 --> 01:07:59,560
we were already in a very, very precarious
situation in Vienna.
920
01:08:01,720 --> 01:08:03,920
And then, that night,
921
01:08:04,000 --> 01:08:08,280
they came into our apartment
at two in the morning
922
01:08:08,360 --> 01:08:10,480
and took my father
923
01:08:12,120 --> 01:08:13,840
and sent him to Dachau.
924
01:08:14,920 --> 01:08:18,760
It was terrible.
How could I have helped him?
925
01:08:21,279 --> 01:08:22,319
Yes...
926
01:08:23,120 --> 01:08:26,000
That was the end of Lumpi for me.
927
01:08:26,080 --> 01:08:33,080
[melancholy piano music]
928
01:08:52,640 --> 01:08:58,640
[in Hebrew] Blessed are You, Lord our God,
Ruler of the universe.
929
01:09:00,080 --> 01:09:02,920
who has sanctified us with His good deeds,
930
01:09:04,120 --> 01:09:07,479
and commanded us
to light a candle for the Sabbath.
931
01:09:17,800 --> 01:09:22,040
[Kathrin in German] During the nights
of the 9th and 10th of November, 1938,
932
01:09:22,120 --> 01:09:26,040
the Pogrom takes place
in the entire Reich.
933
01:09:30,600 --> 01:09:32,760
It was long called
the Night of Broken Glass,
934
01:09:32,840 --> 01:09:35,319
downplaying its severity.
935
01:09:35,399 --> 01:09:37,760
During those nights,
synagogues burn all over Germany.
936
01:09:37,840 --> 01:09:40,840
Jewish stores as well as homes
937
01:09:40,920 --> 01:09:45,640
are looted, robbed and destroyed.
938
01:09:46,399 --> 01:09:51,120
Many, many Jews are arrested,
and sent to concentration camps.
939
01:09:56,279 --> 01:10:01,480
[Morgan] It must be an incredibly
anxious time for Charlotte and Toni.
940
01:10:04,960 --> 01:10:08,720
They make the decision
to flee to Czechoslovakia
941
01:10:08,800 --> 01:10:11,160
where they think it might be safer.
942
01:10:11,240 --> 01:10:12,280
For now.
943
01:10:15,520 --> 01:10:17,240
[Klaus in German] It's a cold March
944
01:10:17,320 --> 01:10:21,560
when Gottfried returns
from his six-month world tour.
945
01:10:21,640 --> 01:10:24,160
And on the first evening back,
946
01:10:24,240 --> 01:10:28,200
he sits down with his mother
and his brothers for supper.
947
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:33,960
[in German] There was a dinner in Brüggen,
where everyone came together.
948
01:10:35,000 --> 01:10:39,200
And then suddenly,
like knock, knock, knock on heaven's door.
949
01:10:39,800 --> 01:10:42,640
Grandma went out
and returned all pale, saying,
950
01:10:42,720 --> 01:10:45,280
"Gottfried, they're asking for you."
951
01:10:45,880 --> 01:10:48,880
It was two Gestapo officers,
they immediately took him with them.
952
01:10:49,880 --> 01:10:51,440
And so he was in prison.
953
01:10:52,040 --> 01:10:56,200
[in German] The arrest| was really
theatrically staged.
954
01:10:56,280 --> 01:11:00,000
They could just have written a letter
telling him to come to the police station.
955
01:11:00,080 --> 01:11:04,760
But I think the Nazi regime
pretty deliberately chose
956
01:11:04,840 --> 01:11:06,480
to do this very publicly.
957
01:11:18,920 --> 01:11:20,680
On May 14th, 1938,
958
01:11:20,760 --> 01:11:26,720
Gottfried is sentenced to one year
in prison for violation of Paragraph 175.
959
01:11:27,560 --> 01:11:31,160
The basis for that is his five-year
relationship with Manasse Herbst.
960
01:11:31,240 --> 01:11:33,400
"We had to consider the aggravating factor
961
01:11:33,480 --> 01:11:37,800
that the accused
engaged in homosexual activity
962
01:11:37,880 --> 01:11:39,880
so quickly after his wedding."
963
01:11:39,960 --> 01:11:42,960
"But most egregious was that the accused,
964
01:11:43,040 --> 01:11:45,280
with his standing in German sports
965
01:11:45,880 --> 01:11:48,320
with his world-renowned name
and his overall position,
966
01:11:48,400 --> 01:11:50,920
didn't shy away from engaging
967
01:11:51,000 --> 01:11:55,160
in homosexual intercourse
with a Galician Jew."
968
01:12:01,160 --> 01:12:07,880
It's lucky that Manasse
had already left Germany at that time.
969
01:12:07,960 --> 01:12:09,760
Or he would not have survived that.
970
01:12:14,920 --> 01:12:16,840
[Robert] During the period
of the Third Reich,
971
01:12:16,920 --> 01:12:19,640
it's estimated that 100,000 men
972
01:12:19,720 --> 01:12:23,280
were charged
under the German anti-gay law.
973
01:12:23,360 --> 01:12:25,800
Some 50,000, it's estimated,
974
01:12:25,880 --> 01:12:28,920
were successfully prosecuted.
975
01:12:29,520 --> 01:12:32,120
Somewhere between 5,000 and 15,000
976
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:34,080
perished in concentration camps.
977
01:12:37,840 --> 01:12:40,480
[Klaus in German] From the beginning,
978
01:12:40,560 --> 01:12:45,640
concentration camps
were an instrument of Nazi terror.
979
01:12:45,720 --> 01:12:48,000
[Kathrin in German]
Prisoners marked as homosexual
980
01:12:48,080 --> 01:12:50,800
faced particular cruelty
981
01:12:50,880 --> 01:12:54,200
and rarely experienced solidarity
from other prisoner groups.
982
01:12:54,280 --> 01:12:56,480
BADGES FOR PRISONERS
IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS
983
01:12:56,560 --> 01:12:59,480
[Klaus in German]
Homosexuals have to wear a pink triangle.
984
01:12:59,560 --> 01:13:01,600
EMIGRANTS, BIBLE SCHOLARS, HOMOSEXUALS
985
01:13:02,200 --> 01:13:04,520
[Kathrin in German]
They are forced to do hard labor
986
01:13:04,600 --> 01:13:06,720
under the harshest,
most terrible conditions.
987
01:13:06,800 --> 01:13:09,080
The rations are disastrous,
988
01:13:09,160 --> 01:13:10,840
so that many, many of the prisoners
989
01:13:10,920 --> 01:13:14,120
die from the unspeakable conditions
of imprisonment.
990
01:13:14,200 --> 01:13:18,120
[Klaus in German]
Some of them are abused in medical trials,
991
01:13:18,200 --> 01:13:20,800
not all of them survive.
992
01:13:21,680 --> 01:13:25,320
There's also the option to get castrated
993
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:27,560
with the offer or the promise
994
01:13:27,640 --> 01:13:30,560
that you get to leave
the concentration camp afterwards.
995
01:13:30,640 --> 01:13:33,480
However, we know from various documents
996
01:13:33,560 --> 01:13:36,440
that a lot of them were not released
despite that.
997
01:13:36,520 --> 01:13:43,520
[somber music]
998
01:13:55,800 --> 01:14:00,440
Many prisoners
who were accused of homosexuality,
999
01:14:00,520 --> 01:14:02,440
often based on denunciations,
1000
01:14:03,080 --> 01:14:05,680
don't survive imprisonment in the camps.
1001
01:14:06,320 --> 01:14:11,920
Their prosecution
reaches its peak between 1937 and 1939,
1002
01:14:12,800 --> 01:14:17,000
Immediately before Hitler
starts the war against Europe.
1003
01:14:20,840 --> 01:14:25,200
It's not like the genocide of Jews.
1004
01:14:25,800 --> 01:14:30,040
The Nazis don't think
that they need to kill all homosexuals.
1005
01:14:30,120 --> 01:14:33,040
What they want to do
is eliminate homosexuality.
1006
01:14:39,280 --> 01:14:43,200
[Kathrin in German] In 1941,
Hitler puts Heinrich Himmler in charge
1007
01:14:43,280 --> 01:14:47,320
of the so-called
"final solution of the Jewish question."
1008
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:50,320
That means Heinrich Himmler is tasked
1009
01:14:50,920 --> 01:14:55,000
with the order to exterminate
German and European Jews.
1010
01:14:57,320 --> 01:15:01,400
In Czechoslovakia,
the Aliens Police come for Charlotte.
1011
01:15:02,120 --> 01:15:03,960
[Morgan] She gets arrested
1012
01:15:04,040 --> 01:15:09,320
while Charlotte and Toni are celebrating
their 10-year anniversary.
1013
01:15:12,040 --> 01:15:15,800
And she is about to be interned
in a concentration camp.
1014
01:15:18,720 --> 01:15:22,320
[Morgan] Toni panics.
And she runs to the Swiss Consul.
1015
01:15:22,400 --> 01:15:26,800
And alerts the authorities to the fact
that Charlotte is actually American.
1016
01:15:26,880 --> 01:15:33,760
[Morgan] Eventually Charlotte is put
on a boat and sent to New York City.
1017
01:15:34,320 --> 01:15:39,000
Toni thought on her feet about
how to get her out of the situation.
1018
01:15:39,080 --> 01:15:41,760
Otherwise she would have
been sent to an extermination camp.
1019
01:15:47,840 --> 01:15:49,960
It separates them
for the rest of their life.
1020
01:15:50,040 --> 01:15:52,000
They never see each other again.
1021
01:15:52,080 --> 01:15:56,680
[melancholy music]
1022
01:16:18,000 --> 01:16:25,000
[somber music]
1023
01:16:50,320 --> 01:16:53,560
[Walter in German]
I searched for Lumpi all my life.
1024
01:16:55,240 --> 01:16:58,560
I wanted to know where he was,
what had happened to him.
1025
01:17:22,720 --> 01:17:26,560
Only now have I seen this pictures.
1026
01:17:26,640 --> 01:17:29,920
And only now has it all come out.
1027
01:17:36,280 --> 01:17:39,200
He was in a labor camp
and starved to death.
1028
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:47,720
It was terrible to me
that he died like that.
1029
01:17:48,320 --> 01:17:53,120
Not only... The only thing you can say
is that he didn't deserve that.
1030
01:17:53,200 --> 01:17:55,000
[gentle piano music]
1031
01:17:55,080 --> 01:18:00,560
VICTIMS OF HARKA
1032
01:18:00,640 --> 01:18:01,920
Terrible.
1033
01:18:02,000 --> 01:18:03,200
And what do I see?
1034
01:18:03,840 --> 01:18:10,400
This, this large stone, the photograph
of this large stone that says,
1035
01:18:10,480 --> 01:18:15,280
"Fülöp Loránt", 24 years old or maybe 25.
1036
01:18:15,360 --> 01:18:21,360
FÜLÖP LÓRÁNT
25 YEARS
1037
01:18:22,880 --> 01:18:23,880
[sighs]
1038
01:18:33,040 --> 01:18:36,520
In Vienna you say
that there's a lot to verkiefeln.
1039
01:18:36,600 --> 01:18:42,440
It's something you can never accept
if you can't verkiefeln something.
1040
01:18:44,040 --> 01:18:45,040
Yeah.
1041
01:18:49,240 --> 01:18:54,080
I'm glad that if Lumpi
is remembered by history,
1042
01:18:54,160 --> 01:18:57,400
I did my very small part in that.
1043
01:19:08,040 --> 01:19:11,520
[Klaus in German]
Not knowing what happened to a loved one
1044
01:19:11,600 --> 01:19:15,680
is unfortunately very common
for many Jewish victims.
1045
01:19:16,200 --> 01:19:19,640
For many of them we learn only much later
or sometimes never at all
1046
01:19:19,720 --> 01:19:22,080
where they were murdered.
1047
01:19:35,160 --> 01:19:40,000
Homosexual survivors want to,
but can't share their stories.
1048
01:19:40,520 --> 01:19:42,080
It's too dangerous.
1049
01:19:42,960 --> 01:19:44,680
After 1945,
1050
01:19:44,760 --> 01:19:47,520
the state-sponsored
persecution of homosexuals
1051
01:19:47,600 --> 01:19:49,640
is not recognized as an injustice.
1052
01:19:50,720 --> 01:19:55,280
West Germany
adopts the Nazi Paragraph 175.
1053
01:19:55,840 --> 01:19:59,000
Society considers homosexuals
to be criminals and perverts.
1054
01:19:59,960 --> 01:20:03,760
Families remain silent,
historians don't ask questions.
1055
01:20:04,640 --> 01:20:06,640
The persecution continues.
1056
01:20:11,440 --> 01:20:14,600
CRIMINAL CASE
AGAINST GOTTFRIED VON CRAMM
1057
01:20:14,680 --> 01:20:19,680
In 1951, Gottfried tries, incidentally
like many other homosexuals as well,
1058
01:20:19,760 --> 01:20:22,480
to have the conviction
according to Paragraph 175
1059
01:20:22,560 --> 01:20:24,920
deleted from his record.
1060
01:20:25,840 --> 01:20:27,320
Without an expungement,
1061
01:20:27,400 --> 01:20:29,680
he can't receive a visa to be able
1062
01:20:29,760 --> 01:20:33,600
to participate in tennis tournaments in
the US, Great Britain or France.
1063
01:20:35,920 --> 01:20:37,720
There is a trial
1064
01:20:38,840 --> 01:20:42,440
for which Manasse Herbst
also returns to Germany
1065
01:20:42,520 --> 01:20:44,480
for the first time in 1951.
1066
01:20:48,240 --> 01:20:52,440
That means he returns to the country
that had wanted to kill him.
1067
01:20:52,520 --> 01:20:56,560
And it is the first reunion
between Gottfried and Manasse.
1068
01:20:56,640 --> 01:21:02,600
[tense music]
1069
01:21:05,000 --> 01:21:07,000
Lisa is also questioned.
1070
01:21:07,080 --> 01:21:09,920
She confirms the relationship
between Manasse and Gottfried.
1071
01:21:10,560 --> 01:21:14,720
For one moment, they fearlessly rebuild
1072
01:21:14,800 --> 01:21:17,600
on the freedom
that they lived in the late 20s.
1073
01:21:18,400 --> 01:21:23,600
And all that in the extremely conservative
50s in a German court.
1074
01:21:25,360 --> 01:21:27,640
Like for other convicted homosexuals,
1075
01:21:27,720 --> 01:21:31,080
Gottfried's expungement is denied.
1076
01:21:31,160 --> 01:21:34,800
He can't get a visa
for the most important tennis tournaments.
1077
01:21:36,200 --> 01:21:39,880
He does win other tournaments
in countries where he's admitted,
1078
01:21:39,960 --> 01:21:43,720
but the really important ones
he can't play in,
1079
01:21:43,800 --> 01:21:49,240
exactly because he has a previous criminal
conviction under Nazi Paragraph 175.
1080
01:22:01,800 --> 01:22:05,160
[Walter in German] I emigrated to the US
1081
01:22:05,240 --> 01:22:10,160
and have lived here since 1939, happily.
1082
01:22:11,400 --> 01:22:15,640
I became a composer
and have spent my whole life composing.
1083
01:22:17,040 --> 01:22:23,760
[crowd applaud]
1084
01:22:27,760 --> 01:22:34,400
[Walter in English]
I met someone in 1959, I believe it was.
1085
01:22:34,920 --> 01:22:37,280
His name is Howard Myers.
1086
01:22:38,280 --> 01:22:39,760
Thank you.
1087
01:22:39,840 --> 01:22:44,840
I have no idea why you buy
such a huge cup of coffee.
1088
01:22:47,040 --> 01:22:49,640
[Howard] The truth was, we were shameless.
1089
01:22:50,400 --> 01:22:52,080
We didn't feel any shame.
1090
01:22:52,160 --> 01:22:58,200
We went to dinners
with six married couples and us.
1091
01:22:58,280 --> 01:23:01,040
I wasn't shameless because I never doubted
1092
01:23:01,720 --> 01:23:04,840
that I'm able to do
what I'm setting out to do.
1093
01:23:05,440 --> 01:23:07,640
[Howard] Walter did live for me.
1094
01:23:07,720 --> 01:23:12,360
He did everything for me
in our first decades,
1095
01:23:12,440 --> 01:23:13,920
when we were younger.
1096
01:23:14,720 --> 01:23:18,280
And now he's 100 years old,
1097
01:23:18,880 --> 01:23:23,640
and only in the last 15 years
1098
01:23:23,720 --> 01:23:27,440
has he needed me to do anything for him.
1099
01:23:31,400 --> 01:23:36,080
Okay, it says, "The city of West
Hollywood marriage certificate."
1100
01:23:36,840 --> 01:23:40,320
"This certifies
that Walter Arlen and Howard Myers
1101
01:23:40,400 --> 01:23:46,680
were lawfully wedded
on the second day of July 2013."
1102
01:23:48,440 --> 01:23:50,240
It didn't change anything.
1103
01:23:51,120 --> 01:23:54,640
It was just a quiet satisfaction.
1104
01:23:56,000 --> 01:23:59,680
He wouldn't have anybody
to quarrel with without me.
1105
01:23:59,760 --> 01:24:00,760
[laughs]
1106
01:24:07,600 --> 01:24:11,040
[Morgan] Charlotte spends
the rest of her life in Brooklyn.
1107
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:14,320
She ends up becoming an actress.
1108
01:24:15,880 --> 01:24:18,200
But even though she's separated from Toni,
1109
01:24:18,280 --> 01:24:21,800
she creates new friendships
among the artistic community.
1110
01:24:21,880 --> 01:24:25,280
And a lot of them don't know
that she ever was trans.
1111
01:24:26,080 --> 01:24:28,280
[Zavier] She even managed
to get her US documents
1112
01:24:28,360 --> 01:24:31,600
to certify that she was a woman
with a feminine name.
1113
01:24:31,680 --> 01:24:33,480
And this was really important to her
1114
01:24:33,560 --> 01:24:37,640
as it cemented
her kind of legitimate female identity.
1115
01:24:41,440 --> 01:24:44,560
[Morgan] I think about
what I would do in that situation.
1116
01:24:45,320 --> 01:24:48,760
Do I need to flee?
You know, where would I go?
1117
01:24:48,840 --> 01:24:55,800
[somber music]
1118
01:24:57,800 --> 01:25:01,960
After the war,
Toni is able to return to Berlin
1119
01:25:02,040 --> 01:25:06,760
where she lives out the rest of her life
as a painter and an artist.
1120
01:25:16,600 --> 01:25:19,800
[Zavier] We can see this period
in the 20s, a hundred years ago,
1121
01:25:19,880 --> 01:25:23,920
as really exemplifying
how fragile some of these liberties are.
1122
01:25:25,320 --> 01:25:27,840
Even today with the kind of progress
1123
01:25:27,920 --> 01:25:31,000
that has happened for queer rights
and even trans rights,
1124
01:25:31,080 --> 01:25:34,480
that you can have these liberties
and they can be taken away from you.
1125
01:25:34,560 --> 01:25:38,240
ELDORADO
HERE IT IS RIGHT!
1126
01:25:38,320 --> 01:25:39,680
PANTRY AT THE ELDORADO
1127
01:25:39,760 --> 01:25:46,240
[Ben] The Eldorado's final venue
is now a very fancy organic supermarket.
1128
01:25:46,320 --> 01:25:49,320
You can go to the place
where people used to watch drag shows
1129
01:25:49,400 --> 01:25:50,800
and buy expensive avocados.
1130
01:25:55,440 --> 01:25:58,480
[Klaus in German]
I think the queer life in Berlin
1131
01:25:58,560 --> 01:26:01,560
had to completely reinvent itself.
1132
01:26:01,640 --> 01:26:04,000
And that has worked out pretty well
1133
01:26:04,520 --> 01:26:08,520
when you look at how queer life in Berlin
is really thriving
1134
01:26:08,600 --> 01:26:12,040
and how multifaceted
and diverse it has become.
1135
01:26:13,200 --> 01:26:15,480
But drawing on something?
1136
01:26:15,560 --> 01:26:17,480
I don't think we could draw on anything.
1137
01:26:17,560 --> 01:26:19,600
For a long time,
1138
01:26:20,480 --> 01:26:23,560
we didn't even know anything
about the persecution of homosexuals.
1139
01:26:24,320 --> 01:26:27,200
And in that sense, today's queer Berlin
1140
01:26:28,120 --> 01:26:30,760
certainly isn't a...
1141
01:26:32,720 --> 01:26:37,120
a continuation in any shape or form
of the 1920s.
1142
01:26:39,000 --> 01:26:40,560
That really was lost.
1143
01:26:42,000 --> 01:26:45,120
No names. No memory. Nothing.
1144
01:26:46,680 --> 01:26:53,680
[peaceful piano music]